Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among adults in Hunan Province. Methods Using cross-sectional study, take the method of multistage sampling, the survey was performed in part of residents (aged≥18 years) from 5 cities of Hunan Province, data was obtained by questionnaire of risk factors of CKD, physical examination, and laboratory examination. Results The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Hunan province was 10.81%, it increased with the growth of the age, the awareness rate among CKD population was 20.8%. The prevalence of albuminuria was 1.85%, and the prevalence of albuminuria in males were significantly higher than females, and it increased with age; The prevalence of hematuria was 7.40%, females were higher than males, there was a significant statistical significance about the prevalence of hematuria in different ages. The prevalence of reduced eGFR was 2.65%, There was a significant statistical significance about the prevalence of reduced eGFR both in different genders and ages. Multiple factor logistic regression analysis results show that age, high systolic blood pressure, diabetes were closely related to CKD. Conclusion The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the adult population of Hunan is similar to that in China. Age, high systolic blood pressure, diabetes were closely related to CKD.